In this study, we genetically characterized the Uruguayan pig breed Pampa Rocha. Montenegro, M LlambÃ, S Castro, G Barlocco, N Vadell, A Landi, V Delgado, JV MartÃnez, A Genetic characterization of Uruguayan Pampa Rocha pigs with microsatellite markers Arsenic species for both provinces were predominantly As( III) and As(V). Reverse osmosis (RO) treatment of well waters in La Pampa for domestic drinking water in EC and LU significantly reduced total arsenic concentrations from a range of 216-224 μg l(-1) As to 0.3-0.8 μg l(-1) As. The highest total arsenic concentrations were found in La Pampa well waters (both rural farms and pre-treated urban sources), particularly where there was high pH (typically > 8.2), conductivity (>2,600 μS cm(-1)) and TDS (>1,400 mg l(-1)). The pH range for the provinces of San Juan (7.2-9.7) and La Pampa (7.0-9.9) are in agreement with other published literature. Groundwater from Eduardo Castex (EC) and Ingeniero Luiggi (LU) in La Pampa (central Argentina within the Chaco-Pampean Plain) ranged from 3 to 1326 μg l(-1) As. Total arsenic concentrations in the surface and groundwater from Encon and the San José de Jáchal region of San Juan (north-west Argentina within the Cuyo region) ranged from 9 to 357 μg l(-1) As. Analysis of the waters for arsenic (total and species) was performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in collision cell mode. Samples were collected from a range of water outlets (rivers/streams, wells, untreated domestic taps, well water treatment works) to assess the relationship between total arsenic and arsenic species, water type and water parameters (pH, conductivity and total dissolved solids, TDS).
Icse cornell materials studio series#
Strong cation exchange (SCX) and strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges were utilised in series for the separation and preservation of arsenite (As( III)), arsenate (As(V)), monomethylarsonic acid (MA(V)) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA(V)). A third province, RÃo Negro, was used as a control to the study. O'Reilly, J Watts, M J Shaw, R A Marcilla, A L Ward, N IĪrsenic (As) speciation in surface and groundwater from two provinces in Argentina (San Juan and La Pampa) was investigated using solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge methodology with comparison to total arsenic concentrations. Copyright 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Īrsenic contamination of natural waters in San Juan and La Pampa, Argentina. The success of using PAMPA in drug discovery depends on careful data interpretation, use of optimal assay conditions, implementation and integration strategies, and education of users. PAMPA assay conditions are critical in order to generate high quality and relevant data, including permeation time, assay pH, stirring, use of cosolvents and selection of detection techniques. Measurement of PAMPA is much more rapid and cost effective than Caco-2 and log P(OCT). However, it is not advisable to use PAMPA to predict absorption involving transporter-mediated processes, such as active uptake or efflux.
PAMPA and Caco-2 have similar predictivity for passive oral absorption. PAMPA and PAMPA-BBB have much better predictivity for oral absorption and brain penetration than log P(OCT) for real-world drug discovery compounds.
Icse cornell materials studio how to#
Guidelines on how to use PAMPA are discussed. (Galinis-Luciani et al., 2007, J Pharm Sci, this issue) are answered by experienced PAMPA practitioners, inventors and developers from diverse research organizations. The PAMPA concerns raised by Galinis-Luciani et al. Selection criteria for methods are based on many different factors: predictability, throughput, cost and personal preferences (people factor). Each approach has its advantages and limitations. PAMPA, log P(OCT), and Caco-2 are useful tools in drug discovery for the prediction of oral absorption, brain penetration and for the development of structure-permeability relationships. PAMPA-critical factors for better predictions of absorption.Īvdeef, Alex Bendels, Stefanie Di, Li Faller, Bernard Kansy, Manfred Sugano, Kiyohiko Yamauchi, Yukinori
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